There are two principal sources of biomass-based REN for second-generation bioenergy and biofuels: (1) wastes and residues from agriculture and forestry and

(2) dedicated bioenergy crops. Wastes such as wood and agricultural residues, municipal wastes, and poultry litter are typically less expensive to supply to end point users, and are likely to play an important role in early development of commercial-scale REN sup­plies. However, analyses of future demand for REN indicates that these wastes may be capable of supplying only 14—30% of the total potential production of cellu — losic ethanol and only approximately 18—60% of the production potential that could be derived from produc­ing energy crops on currently idle or potentially available agricultural lands (Robert and Abbott, 2012;

Brown, 2009; Lynd et al., 1991). Thus dedicated energy crops will be required to meet the demands of a growing REN market. Such crops, grown in the vicinity of the end point industrial user and specifically for the conversion process being used, offer important advantages of more systematic control of fuel quality, supply, and price stability than wastes derived from dispersed sources, which will be subject to alternative competitive end point uses and associated price fluctuations. The poten­tial feedstocks for second-generation biofuel production considered in this study are biomass from crop residues, other nonfood energy crops, wood/forestry residues, Miscanthus, willow, hemp, Jatropha, switchgrasses and algae (Bauen et al., 2009).