Proteineous meals

As discussed in the previous sections, the major proteineous meal coproducts of biofuel industry are corn gluten meal from wet mill bioethanol and soybean meal from biodiesel industries. Different types of soy protein including soy flour (48% protein), soy protein concentrate (64% protein) and soy protein isolate (92% protein) can be extracted from soybean meal after oil extraction of soybean powder with hexane [224]. Similarly, corn gluten meal can be used to extract zein, the major protein in corn [225]. These proteins can be plasticized to produce films and formable thermoplastics. The biomaterial application of the these proteins has been investigated and reviewed extensively [225226]. Recently, the biomaterial applica­tion of the meals themselves has attracted attentions and been studied in the form of plasticized meals as well as reinforcing fillers used in polymeric biocomposites.