Recently, carbonaceous nanomaterials that include carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibres, graphene/graphite nanosheets and also particulate carbon nanostructures have received an extensive importance due to their possible commercial values in diversified areas like poly­meric composites, sensors, energy storage/ conversion, catalysis, filters and biology [203—208]. Traditionally, carbonaceous materials were prepared from petroleum-based precursors (liquid/gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon rich polymers such as polyacrylonitrile-PAN). As the global demand for carbon materials (nano/micro) grows continually and also the conven­tional sources are finite there is a need to investigate for the alternate carbon source. Thus, renewable resource-based biomaterials such as seed, oil, dried fibres as well as stem have been explored for the development of various carbon materials [209—212]. The challenge in using plant-based materials as carbon feedstock is to control the carbonizing process as well as the usage of suitable catalysis in order to achieve nanostructured materials. In addition to the larger availability of biobased feedstocks for the carbonaceous materials, it also provides eco­friendliness with the reduced carbon footprint. The biofeedstock exhibits a diversified morphology with the various combination of chemical structures, which can result in the formation of varieties of carbon nanostructures. Lignin has been widely used for the fabrication of activated carbon, however synthesizing carbon nanostructures such as particles/fibres are very new, thus next section summaries the effective uses of lignin as precursor for the fabrication of carbon nanostructures and their emerging applications [213—214].