DDGS biopolymer biocomposites

During recent years, biopolymer thermoplastics such as poly(lactic acid), PLA [124], poly(bu — tylene succinate), PBS [125], polyhydroxy(butyrate-co-valerate)/poly(butylene succinate), PHBV/PBS, blend [126] and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephatalate), PBAT [127] have been utilized to produce DDGS composites. The influence of DDGS amount from 20 to 50 wt% as well as compatibilizer in PLA/DDGS composites were investigated [124]. Drastic decrease in tensile modulus and strength was observed by increasing the wt% of DDGS when no compa — tibilizer was used. On the other hand, after using isocyanate type of compatibilizer, a huge improvement in tensile modulus and strength was observed in the PLA/20% DDGS composite (Figure 8). In comparison with pure PLA, the compatibilized formulation showed higher modulus and almost equal strength. In another work, the thermal degradation of DDGS was studied with considerations for biocomposite processing and it was reported that water­washing of DDGS improved the thermal stability of DDGS to the extent that its thermal decomposition was highly prevented at typical temperatures of polymer melt processing. Such improvement in thermal stability of DDGS resulted in better strength and modulus of the PBS/ DDGS biocomposite with 30 wt% DDGS [125]. The effect of compatibilizer was studied in a composite of 30 wt% DDGS and PHBV/PBS blend processed in a micro-extruder/micro — injection molding machine [126]. The DDGS used in this biocomposite had a water-washing step prior to compounding with bioplastics. Using a compatibilizer (isocyanate type), the interfacial adhesion was enhanced. The optimized biopolymer/DDGS composite exhibited improved tensile modulus compared to the biopolymer matrix while having almost equal strength. The influence of DDGS on the biodegradability properties of PBAT/DDGS biocom­posites has been evaluated [127]. It was observed that PBAT/DDGS biocomposite was found to be more bio-susceptible material compared to virgin PBAT and was totally biodegraded. During the biodegradation experiment DDGS domains were preferentially attacked by microorganisms and influenced the biodegradability of the PBAT matrix. The produced biocomposite showed a degree of biodegradation similar to the biodegradation rate of natural materials such as DDGS and cellulose.