Due to the uncertainty in long term availability of fossil fuels and their continuous threat to environment through greenhouse gas emission, there is a drive across the globe towards the exploration of various biorefinery systems. Production of biofuel creates impact in utilization of biomass, replacement of possible extend of gasoline, reduction of greenhouse gas emission and the creation of significant amount of coproducts [112]. Biofuel production from biomass tends to strengthen the entire value chain (farming community-biofuel industries-consumers) and claims as the probable sustainable alternate for the conventional fossil fuel systems. Biomass is the sustainable feedstock for biofuel industries and biofuel provides ecological safety towards sustainable transportation, however the emerging concern is about the co/by-products. If they create challenging environmental issues in disposal, sustainability of this technology is challenged. Thus, value addition to these biofuel coproducts plays key role for the sustainabili­ty of biofuel technology in long term perspective [113]. With this understanding, the ultimate aim of biorefinery is focused to satisfy the conceptual "triple bottom line" of sustainability that includes (i) economic development; commercial value for biomasses, biofuels and coproducts, (ii) social development; appearance of new manufacturing sectors as well as creation of rural job opportunities, and (iii) environmental/resource sustainability; greenhouse gas reduction and eco-friendly green products [114]. In order to ensure the sustainability of biofuel technology it is essential to address various issues including (i) "food vs. fuel" due to the usage of edible resource for biofuel production, (ii) resource availability/management; effective utilization of land/water resources, (iii) environmental impact; issues related to land/water quality reten­tion, conversion of grasslands/forests to agricultural fields and the efficient disposal/utiliza — tion of biofuel coproducts and (iv) validated measures: policy making and certification/ standardization [115]. Scale-up activities of biofuel production is essential due to the increas­ing demand for the substitution of fossil fuel. However, it is significantly controlled by vari­ous factors such as effective land usage for the larger biomass generation, water availability for agricultural forming, retention of soil quality, environmental impact of biofuel coproducts and labor market shift towards biorefinery [116—117]. The successive transformation of biofuel production from conventional to second generation effectively addresses the issues related to water consumption. Lignocellulosic ethanol industries utilise perennial crops such as miscan — thus and switch grass, which grows on marginal land and consume very less water. The challenge is towards biofuel coproducts. Failure ofhandling these large quantity coproducts will ultimately create serious environmental issues. These emerging technologies related to the effective utilization of biofuel coproducts that holds significant quantity of renewable content significant­ly substitute/ replace petroleum-based products and helps in reduction of greenhouse gas emission.