Как выбрать гостиницу для кошек
14 декабря, 2021
Сегодня каждый, кто собирается в отпуск и не знает, с кем оставить своего котика или кошку, может во[...]
Biodiesel extraction methods
З.1.2.1. One step transesterification
For the synthesis of biodiesel, the following materials were used: oil sample (FFM Sdn Bhd), methanol (Merck 99%), and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst (HMGM Chemicals >98%). Methanol and potassium hydroxide were pre-mixed to prepare potassium methox — ide, and then added to oil in the reactor with a mixing speed of 400 rpm for 2 h at 50 °C. The molar ratio of oil to methanol was 1:10. Finally, the mixture was left overnight to settle forming two layers, namely: biodiesel phase (upper layer) and the glycerin-rich phase (Figure 3).
|
Property |
EN 14214 |
ASTM D 6751 |
||
|
Test method |
Limits |
Test method |
Limits |
|
|
Ester content |
EN 14103 |
96.5% (mol mol-!) min |
_ |
|
|
Linolenic acid content |
EN 14103 |
12.0% (mol mol-1] max |
— |
— |
|
Content of FAMEJ with 2:4 double bonds |
— |
1.0% (md mol-1) max |
— |
— |
|
MAG1’ content |
EN 14105 |
0.80% (md mol-1] max |
— |
— |
|
DAG1 content |
EN 14105 |
0,20% (md mol-1) max |
— |
— |
|
TAG*1 content |
EN 14105 |
0.20% (md mol — ‘) max |
— |
— |
|
Free glycerine |
EN 14105 |
0.02% (md mol-‘] max |
ASTM D 6584 |
0.020% (w/w) max |
|
Total glycerine |
EN 14105 |
0.25% (md mol-‘) max |
ASTM D 6584 |
0.240% (w/w) max |
|
Water and sediment or water content |
EN ISO 12937 |
500 mg kg-1 max |
ASTM D 2709 |
0.050% (v/v) max |
|
Methanol content |
EN 14110 |
0.20% (md mol-1] max |
— |
— |
|
(Na+K) content |
EN 14108 |
5.0 mg kg-‘max |
UOP391 |
5.0 mg kg-‘max |
|
(Ca + Mg) content |
prEN 14538 |
5.0 mg kg-1 max |
— |
— |
|
P content |
EN 14107 |
10.0 mg kg-1 max |
ASTM D 4951 |
0.001% (w/w) max |
|
Oxidative stability (110 °С) |
EN 14112 |
6 hmin |
— |
— |
|
Density (15 °С) |
EN ISO 3675 |
860-900 kgm-3 |
— |
— |
|
Kinematic viscosity or viscosity (40 °С) |
EN ISO 3104 |
3.5-5.0 mm2!-1 |
ASTM D 445 |
1.9-6.0 mm! r1 |
|
Flash point |
EN ISO 3679 |
120 °С min |
ASTM D 93 |
130 °С min |
|
Cloud point |
— |
— |
ASTM D 2500 |
Not specified |
|
Sulfur content |
EN ISO 20864 |
10.0mg kg-‘ max |
ASTM D 5453 |
0.05% (w/w) max |
|
Carbon residue |
EN ISO 10370 |
0,30% (md mol-‘] max |
ASTM D 4530 |
0.050% (w/w) max |
|
Cetane number |
EN ISO 5165 |
51 min |
ASTM D 613 |
47 min |
|
Sulphated ash |
ISO 3967 |
0.02% (md mol-!) max |
ASTM D 874 |
0.020% (w/w) max |
|
Total contamination |
EN 12662 |
24 mg kg-1 max |
— |
— |
|
Copper strip corrosion (3 h, 50 °С) |
EN ISO 2160 |
1 (degree of corrosion |
ASTM D 130 |
No. 3 max |
|
Acid number or acid value |
EN 14104 |
0.50 mg KOH g-1 max |
ASTM D 664 |
0.50 mg KOH g — ‘max |
|
Iodine value |
EN 14111 |
120 g 12-100 g-1 max |
— |
— |
|
Distillation temperature (90% recovered] |
— |
" |
ASTM D 1160 |
360 °С max |
|
‘ FAME — fatty acid methyl esters. ’ MAG = monoacylglycerines. DAG = diacylglycerines. 1 TAG = triacylglycerine. |
Table 2. Biodiesel specifications according to EN 14214, and ASTM D6751 standards.
|
|