03.08.2015   Thermal biomass. conversion and utilization —. Biomass information. system

Product refining and product yield

The hydrocarbons produced from both upgrading processes can, in principle, be used directly for some applications including firing in a turbine or an engine but require conventional refining to produce orthodox transport fuels. This would be carried out in a conventional refinery using established catalytic operations such as reforming, alkylation and hydrotreating (110 — 112, 164).

The yields of the various liquid products from both hydrotreating and zeolite synthesis have been estimated from current data and are summarised in Table 6.8 for crude pyrolysis liquid, three varieties of hydrotreated products — partial, complete and refined; and crude and refined aromatics from zeolites (165).

Table 6.8 Overall Typical Mass Balances to Liquid Products (165)

Mass balance

Hvdrotreatina

Zeolites

Wet wood

200

200

Biomass feed at 10% moisture

110

110

Flash pyrolysis to crude (wet) bio-oil

83

83

Partial upgrading by hydrotreating, 50% deoxygenation

50

—

Full upgrading by hydrotreating, 98% deoxygenation

30.5

—

Refining to diesel / gasoline

27.4

—

Upgrading to crude aromatics by zeolites

—

23

Refining to gasoline (current — future projection)

—

20.7-25.1

Yield on dry wood feed

Pyrolysis oil

Overall yield — mass basis

83%

83%

Overall yield — energy basis

70%

70%

Partially hydrotreated

Overall yield — mass basis

50%

—

(15% oxygen in product)

Overall yield — energy basis

#66%

—

Crude hydrocarbons

Overall yield — mass basis

30%

23%

Overall yield — energy basis

#64%

53%

Refined hydrocarbons

Overall yield — mass basis

27%

25%

Overall yield — energy basis

#57%

55%

# ignoring hydrogen

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