Professor Faizal Bux serves as director at the Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology at the Durban University of Technology. He has 17 years of experience in the fields of water and wastewater treatment, bioremediation and biotransformation of industrial effluents for the production of valuable by-products, and biotechnological applications of microalgae including biodiesel. Professor Bux has a BSc (Honors) in microbiology, an MS in technology (biotechnology), and a doctorate in environmental biotechnology. He has published more than sixty scientific papers in leading Science Citation Index (ISI) journals and contributed to six book chapters, nine technical reports, and more than seventy conference presentations, both nationally and internationally. He also serves as an editor for ISI-listed journals and books. Professor Bux serves on the Management Committee of the International Water Association (IWA) specialist group, Microbial Ecology and Water Engineering. He is a member of many professional bodies and is a Fellow of the Water Institute of Southern Africa. He also serves as a scientific advisor for various NGOs, both in South Africa and internationally, especially with regard to water quality issues.

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Contributors

Faizal Bux

Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology

Durban University of Technology Durban, South Africa

Tapan Chakrabarti

CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)

Nagpur, India

Vikas S. Chauhan

CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI)

Mysore, India

Keshav Das

Biorefining and Carbon Cycling Program

College of Engineering The University of Georgia Athens, Georgia

Sivanesan S. Devi

CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)

Nagpur, India

Ravi V. Durvasula

Department of Internal Medicine Center for Global Health University of New Mexico School of Medicine and

The Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center

Albuquerque, New Mexico

Sanniyasi Elumalai

Presidency College Chennai, India

Melinda J. Griffiths

Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research

University of Cape Town, South Africa

Susan T. L. Harrison

Department of Chemical Engineering Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research

University of Cape Town, South Africa

Subburamu Karthikeyan

Department of Agricultural Microbiology

Tamil Nadu Agricultural College Directorate of Natural Resource Management Coimbatore, India

Kannan Krishnamurthi

CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)

Nagpur, India

Ramanathan Ranjith Kumar

Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology

Durban University of Technology Durban, South Africa

Rajesh Lalloo

CSIR Biosciences Pretoria, South Africa

Yun Liu

College of Life Science and Technology Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing, China

Dheepak Maharajh

CSIR Biosciences Pretoria, South Africa

Sandeep N. Mudliar

CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)

Nagpur, India

Taurai Mutanda

Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology

Durban University of Technology Durban, South Africa

Terisha Naidoo

CSIR Biosciences Pretoria, South Africa

Renganathan Rajkumar

Department of Chemical and Process Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment

University Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi, Malaysia

Desikan Ramesh

Deparment of Farm Machinery Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore, India

Durvasula V. Subba Rao

Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine University of New Mexico School of Medicine and

The Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center

Albuquerque, New Mexico

Vadrevu S. Rao

Department of Mathematics,

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad Hyderabad, India

Ismail Rawat

Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology

Durban University of Technology Durban, South Africa

Christine Richardson

Department of Chemical Engineering Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research

University of Cape Town, South Africa Ravi Sarada

CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI)

Mysore, India

Yogesh C. Sharma

Department of Applied Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, India

Ajam Y. Shekh

CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)

Nagpur, India

Rheka Shukla

Biorefining and Carbon Cycling Program

College of Engineering The University of Georgia Athens, Georgia

Bhaskar Singh

Department of Applied Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, India

Manjinder Singh

Biorefining and Carbon Cycling

Program

College of Engineering

The University of Georgia Athens, Georgia

Zahira Yaakob

Department of Chemical and Process Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment

University of Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi, Malaysia

Raju R. Yadav

CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)

Nagpur, India

Nodumo Zulu

CSIR Biosciences Pretoria, South Africa

Introduction

Taurai Mutanda

Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology Durban University of Technology Durban, South Africa

CONTENTS

1.1 General Overview…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4

References……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4