Union Fenosa have successfully scaled up the Waterloo fluid bed process to 160 kg/h and this has been operating successfully since September 1993 producing around 400 kg/month (26). Total liquid yields of 55% wt on dry feed at 15% water are being achieved which continues to increase as the liquids recovery section is improved (3). Concepts have been announced for units up to 2 t/h (26)

3.5.2.6 University of Aston (ЦЮ

An ablative plate pyrolyser has been successful designed, built and operated at capacities up to 3 kg/h giving liquid yields up to 80% wt on dry feed (27). This will be further developed to establish design and performance prediction models as well as producing liquids for testing and chemicals recovery. A small conventional fluid bed has also been commissioned. Work on chemicals extraction and production has recently started including studies on catalytic pyrolysis.

3.5.2.7 University of Leeds (ЦЮ

Fixed and fluid bed pyrolysis has been carried out on biomass and wastes with catalytic upgrading of the products in the fluid bed work including co-processing with methanol. The fluid bed pyrolysis reactor is externally heated and nitrogen is used as a carrier gas (28). The maximum yield of liquid was 58.8 wt%, obtained at 720*C, Detailed analysis of the liquids by SEC, FTIR have been performed. A dual fluid bed has been used to pyrolyse biomass in an externally heated 75 mm diameter bed, 1 m high with nitrogen as the fluidising gas. Part of the reactor freeboard was packed with ZSM-5 catalyst and a secondary fluid bed has also
been used for zeolite upgrading. Liquids were collected before and after pyrolysis for comparison.