Characterization of Activated Catalyst

Raw material and activated carbons tests were performed on dry basis according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedures to determine their main property. Fixed carbon content was determined by difference (Angin et al. 2013a, b). Acid densities of the carbons were determined by titration method using phenolphthalein indicator (Konwar et al. 2013). Textural property of the prepared activated carbon including pore size distribution, surface area (SBet), and total pore volume (Vtot) were deter­mined from N2 adsorption at 77 K using an Autosorb1-Quantachrome instrument (Baccar et al. 2012). Pore size distribution, surface area, and pore volume of the activated carbons were determined by the BET equation and t-plot analysis software (Angin et al. 2013a, b). The carbonaceous materials porosity and irregular shapes are clearly visible by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy. Characterization also involved Elemental Analysis of the porous carbon materials before and after sulfonation, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Infrared Spectroscopy for the determination of the functional groups like sulfonic, carbonyl group in the acti­vated carbon (KBr pellet), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Powder Diffraction used for illustrating the amorphous nature of the carbonaceous materials and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis for the determination of the thermal stability (Konwar et al.

2013) . The carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen contents of the precursor material and activated carbon were analyzed by Elemental Analyzer. However oxygen contents were calculated by difference. The DR (Dubinin-Radushkevich) method used to determine the micropore volume accordingly. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) used extensively to determine surface functional groups (Angin et al. 2013a, b). The -SO3H densities of sulfonated carbons were estimated from elemental analysis by considering that all sulfur present in the carbon samples was due to — SO3H groups (Konwar et al. 2013).