Sugarcane residues are generated in huge amount in the world every year and can be referred as “Green economy”. To harness its fullest potential, pretreatment is a key to unlock the green economy. Pretreatment specifically acts on either hemicellulose or lignin removal increasing the accessibility of cellulose to cellulases eventually re­leasing monomeric sugars in ready-to-use form. These sugars are further converted into value-added products by microbial mediated processes. In the past, considerable research progress has been made to develop ideal pretreatment strategy considering SB/SL as raw material. Among the pretreatment methods, alkaline and acid mediated processes have been largely explored for pretreatment of SB/SL. Biological pretreat­ment has the maximum environmental and economic benefits but their slow reaction rates make them unattractive. Pretreatment methods like auto-hydrolysis, steam ex­plosion and LHW could be effective for the removal of hemicelluloses posing less environment pollution but their efficacy toward SB/SL has limits. The need of hour is to develop the tailor made efficient pretreatment technologies aiming toward the specific, fast, economic and environmental friendly. Greater fundamental knowledge of chemicals and their possible action on SB/SL cell wall with the software-aided approach considering cheminformatics principles is required to choose the best pre­treatment strategy for the effective carbohydrate depolymerization into fermentable sugars. Such an initiative will forward the commercialization of bio-based applica­tions into new horizons which ultimately usher the overall economy of sugarcane producing countries.

Acknowledgments We are grateful to the BIOEN/FAPESP, CNPq and CAPES, Brazil for the financial assistance. We are also thankful to Dr. OmV. Singh from University of Pittsburgh, Bradford for the critical reading of chapter and valuable suggestions.