Pretreatment is an important process to overcome the recalcitrance of SB/SL. The primary goal of pretreatment is either to remove lignin or hemicellulose making the remaining carbohydrate accessible for enzymatic hydrolysis into simple sugars. Each pretreatment method has its pros and cons. The enzymatic hydrolysis effi­ciency directly depends upon the effectiveness of pretreatment strategy. In the last five years, several reports have been published describing the pretreatment method applied to sugarcane residues. The choice of pretreatment option depends upon max­imum removal of lignin, less generation of inhibitors and high recovery of sugars with minimum enzyme dosage. Dilute acid hydrolysis, steam explosion and NAOH pretreatment are largely studied for SB hydrolysis. AFEX has been studied rationally less to pretreat SB or SL. Pretreatment of lignocellulose in tandem with enzyme cost play a very crucial role in overall economics of biorefinery or other lignocellulose based bioconversion industries. An effective pretreated lignocellulosic material re­quires less enzyme amount for complete holocellulose degradation. Since enzymes are expensive hence the fewer amounts of enzymes for the maximum degradation of cellulosics will impact the cost economics of lignocellulose based industries. Ta­ble 16.4 presents the effect of different pretreatment methods on sugarcane residues for the sugars recovery after enzymatic hydrolysis. It is clearly evident with the ta­ble that effective pretreatment of SB/SL require less enzyme loading in order to get maximum depolymerization of cellulose/hemicelluloses into their constituent sugar monomers.