Process integration results in the reduction of capital and operational costs. There are pro­cesses known as separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), and simultaneous saccharification fermentation and recovery (SSFR). In SHF both hydrolysis and fermentation are carried out in separate reactors. In SSF the enzymatic hydrolysis continuously releases sugars that are used by the culture simultane­ously. The process integrated with product recovery is called SSFR. SSF can also be achieved by performing both hydrolysis and fermentation in a single bioreactor employing single or mixed microbial strains that produce all the necessary enzymes and use all the hexose and pentose sugars. This type of process is called consolidated/integrated bioprocessing (CBP/ IBP; Lynd et al. 2005). The CBP/IBP differs from SSF because CBP does not require addi­tion of exogenous hydrolytic enzymes (the ethanol-producing microbial strain produces them), unlike SSF, which requires addition of exogenous enzymes for substrate hydrolysis. These processes (CBP/IBP) can be integrated with simultaneous product recovery that can be called CBP/IBP with product recovery (CBPPR or IBPPR).