Water is well known to be an anomalous substance and plays a great role in living organisms. Due to the critical role water plays in biochemical and biological reactions, many studies have focused on the effects of magnetic and electromagnetic fields on water molecules [51]. These experiments have shown that water previously exposed to electrical, magnetic, electromag­netic, acoustic or vibrating fields keeps the acquired biological activity for extended periods of time [151]. Liquid water is clearly a very complex system when considering the complexity of molecular clusters, gas-liquid and solidliquid surfaces, reactions between the materials and the conse­quences of physical and electromagnetic processing [152].

The investigation of indirect magnetic field effects have shown that magnetically treated water has changes in light absorption, specific electri­cal conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, Raman spectrum, index of light refraction, surface tension and viscosity. The exposure of water to a static magnetic field is connected with the energy influence of the field on the water and biostructures. Markov [153] has also shown that static magnetic fields influence the speed of protoplasm movement, the miotic activity, and the quantity of pigments such as chlorophyll a, b and organic acids in plants. Water stores and transmits information concerning solutes, by means of its hydrogen-bonded network. The conditioning of water via per­manent magnetic and electromagnetic oscillating fields has been found to be stimulatory or inhibitory depending on the residence time of the wa­ter. S. cerevisiae exhibited the strongest influence by measuring a growth rate increase of ~60% after exposing the culture media to 15-30 seconds of a 100 kHz EMF at 2 pT. Longer exposure times that were inhibitory, could become stimulatory after dilution suggesting the existence of active agent(s) generated by the field exposure. Increases in toxicity after apply­ing a biocide compared to a biocide+EMF indicates an enhanced cell wall permeability [154].

Ultra high dilutions are special preparations of a specific compound dissolved in a medium (usually water) that undergo dramatic dilutions (usually thirty 1:100 dilutions) that exceed Avogadro’s number such that the final dilution is void of any original dissolved molecules. Each dilution step is accompanied by some activation force, usually mechanical succus — sion (shock wave) or vigorous mixing. However, other experiments have used sonication, high-voltage electromagnetic pulses, passive or active resonant circuits. The experimental results indicate that “pure” water sam­ples can retain specific information regarding a “donor” substance which can be quantitatively measured via thermoluminescence, delayed lumi­nescence, excess heat-of-mixing/microcalorimetry, changes in pH and conductivity, alterations to FTIR spectra, enzymatic activity, and modula­tion of chemical, biochemical, and biological processes usually in accord with the donor substance. These experiments have been carried out with biological bioassays with dinoflagellates comparing succussed media, and modulation to Ca2+ channel affinity by non-thermal microwave exposure, as well as investigating physico-chemical effects on purely chemical sys­tems using ultra-high dilution of lithium chloride, sodium chloride, mer­curic chloride, and mercuric iodide [155-168].

It has been proposed that the water molecules respond to incident EMF exposure and form metas water states [164]. The experiments with ther­moluminescence, microcalorimetry, and conductivity measurements indi­cate molecular cluster formation, most likely originating from the hydro­gen bond network. The evolution of these physico-chemical parameters with time suggests a trigger effect on the formation of molecular aggre­gates following the potentization procedure [159]. The various initial per­turbations initiate development of a set of chain reactions of active oxygen species in water. Energy in the form of high-grade electronic excitations is released in reactions, which can support non-equilibrium state of an aqueous system [169]. Within these solutions, the molecular aggregates or clusters consisting of water molecules are connected by hydrogen bonds, in far from equilibrium conditions, which can remain in, or move away from their uns equilibrium state dissipating energy from the external en­vironment in the manner Prigogine has described “dissipative structures” [170]. The lifetime of a particular cluster, containing specific water mol­ecules will be not much longer than the life of individual hydrogen bonds, i. e., nanoseconds, but clusters can continue forever although with constant changing of their constituent water molecules [152]. However, the pri­macy of hydrogen bonds for the molecular aggregate structures is not es­sential, as the formation of H-bonded molecules are considered coherence domains in water by Coherent Quantum Electrodynamic Theory, where the H-bond dynamics are transferred to the origin of their pair potentials interacting with zero-point fluctuations of the A-field [171]. The existence of these physicochemical and biological effects from water should elevate water from its traditional role as a passive space-filling solvent in organ­isms, to a position of singular importance, the full significance of which is yet to be fully elucidated [143].