The application of the nanosized voltmeter, used to measure the electric fields throughout the interior of cellular structures, has indicated that the theoretical calculation of electric field penetration into a cell’s cytosol

arising from the membrane and mitochondrial potential do not match the empirically measured values. It is proposed that this may be due to the traditional model using saline solution to simulate the physical proper­ties of the cytoplasm, where alternatively the cytoplasmic structure has been described as having a complex gel-like composition [86,87]. One such possibility for a heterogeneous substance with distinct microdomains is liquid crystal. Liquid crystals are phases of matter that are exhibited by anisotropic organic materials as they undergo cascades of transitions between solid and the liquid states [88]. These mesophases possess sym­metry and mechanical properties of long-range orientational order inter­mediate between those of liquids and of solid crystals. Liquid crystals can undergo rapid changes in orientation of phase transition upon electric or magnetic exposure, or changes in temperature, pH, pressure, hydration, and concentrations of inorganic ions. These properties are ideal for organ­isms, and it has been found that lipids of membranes, DNA in chromo­somes, all proteins, especially cytoskeletal proteins are liquid crystalline in nature [89]. Ho’s group observed that electrodynamic activities might be acting on endogenous non-equilibrium electrodynamic processes in­volved in phase ordering and patterning domains of liquid crystals [65]. Their findings support that organisms are polyphasic liquid crystals where different mesophases may have important implications for biological or­ganization and function [90].

1. Cell Membrane

• Magnetic field oscillations may increase membrane permeability under ion cyclotron resonance

• Increased circulation and selective enhancement of ion flow may affect the rate of biochemical reactions

• Alter the rate of binding of calcium ions to enzymes or receptor sites

• Change distribution of protein and lipid domains, and conformational changes in lipid-protein associations

• Change internal molecular distribution of electronic charge inside lipid molecule in the membrane bilayer

• May play the primary role in the stochastic resonance amplification process

2. Chloroplast

• May modulate the quantity of pigments, such as chlorophyll, phycocyanin, and beta-carotene

3. Nucleus/DNA

• Magnetic field affects specific gene expression

• Individual DNA sequences may function as antennae

• Leads to changes in DNA conformation

• May activate different DNA sequences depending on field intensity

• Can affect enzyme activity

4. Proteins:

• Breathing motions are the source and receiver of multipole EMF

• Potential coupling mechanism for external multipolar influences

5. Protoplasm

• Static magnetic fields influence the speed of protoplasm movement, miotic activity, and quantity of organic acids in plants

6. Whole Cell

• Biophotonic emission and interaction with nearby cells

• Endogenous electric field modulation may alter natural processes