Regarding agricultural nutrient use, we envisage closed nutrient loops where possible. In addition, we included in the demand side of the Ecofys Energy Scenario, to which this study is related [1]:

• All heat energy input required to produce N fertiliser for bioenergy cropping.

• All electricity required to produce hydrogen for N fertiliser for bioenergy cropping. This mechanism can also be used as storage for supply-driven renewable electricity sources (see [1]).

3.3.2.2 PROCESSING WATER USE

We assessed, from literature, expert opinions and our previous experience, that a closed loop approach for biofuel processing water is currently com­mercially available.