Continuous production systems are a critical element in large scale com­mercial production of algal biomass. While we should continue to improve open pond operations, significant efforts should be invested in develop­ment of photobioreactors for high density cultivation of microalgae. Pho­tobioreactors with a real time smart on-line monitoring system which can maintain optimal conditions for the growth of microalgae is very promis­ing to realize high growth rate and cell density [55]. In order to address the issues with high capital and operational costs, innovative photobioreactor designs must be developed. Such designs may incorporate cost effective lighting techniques and renewable power combining solar energy, biogas, wind energy, waste heat.