Russian wastes

The Pu recovery policy operated by Russia meant that in 1999 there were no substantial inventories of wastes containing >1% Pu (Jardine et al., 1999). Recovery of Pu from wastes led to the generation of waste streams contain­ing <200 ppm Pu which were suitable for cementation and near-surface burial. However, there are some HLW sludges which contain significant concentrations of Pu and various immobilization methods (e. g., vitrifica­tion) are being investigated.