The Fukushima NPP accident resulted in the spread of radionuclides into the atmosphere. The radionuclides were volatilized by the high temperature in the reactor core and during the explosions and fires. In addition, seawater containing non-volatile activation products and fuel rod materials may have been released into the subsurface and ocean environment [22]. The fate and potential transport mechanisms of these radioactive materials are shown in Fig. 24.2 ; the illustrated atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic systems were all affected by the accident. Since some long-lived radionuclides were among the released radioactive materials, the radioactive contaminants may have a profound impact on the environment, food, and human health through their migration between and within these systems.