Methods of disposal with institutional control include near-surface disposal without artificial barriers, near-surface disposal with artificial barriers and sub-surface disposal with artificial barriers. Near-surface disposal with arti­ficial barriers is already used for LLW generated in commercial nuclear reactor facilities. Near-surface disposal without artificial barriers is being partly implemented while the reactor operators improve safety regulations on the remainder of the wastes. Operating entities are conducting studies and tests on sub-surface disposal with artificial barriers. Based on the results, it will be necessary to discuss the establishment of the framework, including safety regulations.

The current status of management of other LLW is described in Section 23.1.2.