The role of nuclear energy for carbon-free power generation is recognised by a number of national and international bodies, e. g. as noted in the UK Energy Review White Paper (Energy White Paper, 2003). An EC green paper has also been published noting the contribution of nuclear energy in meeting Kyoto Protocol targets (NEA Annual Report, 2002). However, there remains doubt internationally whether nuclear energy is a sustainable energy source. This issue has recently been discussed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa and the Eighth Conference of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP8) at New Delhi, India.

Looking forward, a much wider range of energy generation mix is anticipated compared with the present day. For some of the options, nuclear energy is a viable source of primary energy. Nuclear power could be used to electrolyse water and produce hydrogen, or indeed can and has already been used for a number of other heat applications.

In general there is increasing environmental awareness in all the major industrialised countries, not just on the issues associated with nuclear power. The population will become more aware of the challenge of climate change and the part they can play in reducing carbon emissions. The content of carbon in fuels will increasingly become a commercial differentiator if the cost of carbon is reflected in prices. This should promote more reliance on non-carbon producing energy generators.