The load-bearing capacity of fastenings in concrete sufficiently far from edges of structural components can be divided into modes of failure as follows.

— tension failure:

— steel failure

— extrusion

— concrete cone failure

— gaps

— transverse tension failure

— steel failure

— concrete pry-out

— concrete edge fracture.

The design principles can be found in the following bodies of rules:

— ETAG 001(Guideline for European Technical Approval) [64,65]

— CEN/TS (Comite Europeen de Normalisation/Specification Technique) [66]

— Guidelines on assessing anchors fastenings to be used in nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations DIBt [63],

— Guidelines for anchor fastenings in nuclear power plants and other nuclear installa­tions, DIBt, June 2010 [67].