Currently available treatment options utilize mostly physical or chemical processes to separate the toxic component of the waste for further treat­ment. This is done to achieve one or all of the four targets for handling of waste, i. e. waste minimization, toxicity reduction, volume reduction, and/or

Porous

carbon

buffer

15.2 Propagation of fission products and impurities in a graphite regulated high temperature (gas) cooled reactor fuel element.

security (deterrence of proliferation). These targets can be achieved through physical, chemical, or biological means described below.