To evaluate a deployment potential of NPPs with SMRs in regulated markets, the LUEC estimates for SMRs based plants presented in Table 7.7 were compared to the LUEC values for electricity generating plants based on the following other technologies:

• nuclear power plants with large reactors;

• coal-fired plants;

• gas-fired plants;

[60] renewable plants, including onshore wind, offshore wind, solar, biomass and biogas, and large hydroelectric power plants.

The LUEC data for the power plants using technologies other than SMRs were taken from tables 3.7(a-d) of reference [7.1] and correspond to the most recent projections for electricity generation costs (for the year 2010).

With data from [7.1] used as a reference, the evaluation performed in this and the following sections is limited to the generation of electricity, co-generation of electricity and heat in areas with

[61] The LUEC values for coal and gas in Table 7.8 do not include carbon pricing

The situation in the Russian Federation is notable for the actual discount rate being closer to 10% than to 5%. Despite this, the nuclear option competes well with all the available technologies producing electricity, see Table 7.12.

It should be noted that small floating NPPs with the PWR-8 and PWR-35 twin-unit plants (based on the Russian ABV and the KLT-40S designs) do not compete in the conditions of the “on-grid”

[63] Large number of assumptions made in the evaluation of competitiveness of SMR based CHPs makes it impossible to draw any meaningful conclusions regarding particular configurations and types of the SMR based plants.

[64] In Brazil, more that 70% of electricity is generated from hydroelectric power plants offering very low cost electricity. Other sources of electricity, including nuclear power plants (with large reactors or SMRs), have higher electricity generation costs.

[65] Currently a very large part of the electricity generated in Indonesia is based on coal, oil and natural gas. Reference [7.10] indicates the growth rate of the electricity demand in Eastern Kalimantan of 12% per year to be unbalanced with the capabilities of the State Electricity Company which is able to provide only an 8.5% per year capacity growth rate using small and medium-sized power plants on organic fuel. The tariff for electricity produced by coal-fired plants could be as high as 110 USD/MWh. In addition to electricity, East Kalimantan also faces the unbalanced consumption and production of potable water. For example, in 2007 the demand for water in East Kalimantan was 437 221 m3/day, while the local water company owned by the government was able to provide only 253 991 m3/day of potable water causing a deficit of 183 300 m3/day. Maximum plant capacity in East Kalimantan is limited by approximately 400 MWe from the conditions of compatibility with small electricity grids.

[66] Vertical peak ground acceleration is conventionally assumed to be 2/3 of the horizontal one or less.

[67] ~3.5-4.4 on the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) seismic intensity scale [6.12].

[68] ~6 on the JMA scale.

[69] Detailed design has been completed for the VK-300, while the CCR is still at a conceptual design stage.

[70] Plans to increase the AHWR output up to 500 MWe are being discussed.

[71] The most recent PBMR design had reverted to an indirect Rankine cycle.

[72] 210Po is a volatile а-emitter produced via reaction 209Bi + p ^ 209Po + n; it has a half life of ~138 days and is lethal for a human being when inhaled or digested.

[73] There is no water in the pool when a shut down lead-bismuth cooled reactor is being heated to prevent freezing of the coolant at 125oC.

[74] This table has been compiled using the same sources as Table 4.7 in Section 4.3.

[75] Early in 2010, the financial collapse of the vendor, PBMR Pty. (South Africa), resulted in the abandonment of the original deployment plan; however, the licensing pre-application was still indicated on the US NRC web-site (as of the end of 2010) , see reference [7.1].

[76] i. e., a probability — consequences curve correlated with each level of the defence in depth.

[77] Taking into account non-electrical applications.

[78] Late in 2010 the Westinghouse Electric Company stopped the development of the IRIS project and announced it would go with an alternative integral design PWR of a 200 MWe class. No technical details of this new SMR were available as of January 2011.

[79] From the condition that an unplanned NPP shutdown does not disrupt the stable grid operation.

[80] One of the main factors negatively affecting the investment component of LUEC for all SMRs is the economy of scale. Depending on the power level of the plant, the specific (per

[81] Regarding the operation and maintenance (O&M) and fuel cycle components of the LUEC for advanced SMRs, the tentative conclusion is that their sum is likely to be close to the

[82] In Brazil, more that 70% of electricity is generated from the hydroelectric power plants offering very low cost electricity. Other sources of electricity, including nuclear power plants (with large reactors or SMR), have higher electricity generation costs.

[83] On their own, the “by design” safety features used in SMR are in most cases not size — dependent and could be applied in the reactors of larger capacity. However, SMRs offer broader possibilities to incorporate such features with a higher efficacy.

[84] Non-water-cooled SMR may face licensing challenges in those countries where national regulations are not technology neutral, firmly rooted in the established water-cooled reactor practice and regulation based. Absence of regulatory staff familiar with non water cooled reactor technologies may also pose a problem.