Deterioration of reinforced concrete generally will result in cracking, spalling, or delamination of the cover concrete. Whenever damage is detected, cor­rective actions are taken to identify and eliminate the source of the problem, thereby halting the degrada­tion process. The first step in any repair activity is a thorough assessment of the damaged structure or component including evaluation of (1) cause of dete­rioration, (2) extent of deterioration, and (3) effect of deterioration on the functional and performance requirements of the structure or component. From this information, a remedial measures strategy is for­mulated based on the consequence of damage (e. g., effect of degradation on structural safety), time requirements for implementation (e. g., shutdown requirements, immediate or future safety concern), economic aspects (e. g., partial or complete repair), and residual service life requirements (e. g., desired residual service life will influence action taken).105 Basic remedial measures options include (1) no active intervention; (2) more frequent inspections or con­ducting specific studies; (3) if safety margins are presently acceptable, taking action to prevent deteri­oration from getting worse; (4) carrying out repairs to restore deteriorated or damaged part of the structure to a satisfactory condition; and (5) demolishing and rebuilding all or part of the structure. Basic guidance on the repair of degraded structures is available,27,106 and a workshop has been held addressing repair of NPP concrete structures.46 Results of the workshop indicate that improved guidance is required on the assessment of defects (e. g., cracks), and information is desired on the performance and effectiveness of subsequent repairs to concrete structures in NPPs (e. g., durability of repair materials). Information on past performance and current practices for repair materials and systems for general civil engineering structures is being assembled (http://projects. bre. co. uk/conrepnet/pages/contents. htm).