Closed Three-Phase Absorption (SERC, Hogskolan Dalarna, Sweden)

The main findings of the studies on the TCA technology [7], as reported by SERC, are the following:

• In comparison to storage in water, cold storage is more interesting that heat storage, as the available temperature range for water is much lower for cold than for heat. For the commercial machine the storage density for the store (that is also a heat pump) is roughly 5 times greater than that for water for cold whereas it is only 1.5 times greater for heat [4].

• The thermal storage of the TCA is sufficient for small scale solar cooling applications that do not have large night cooling loads. Otherwise additional storage is required. [8].

• The temperature lift for the prototype and commercial heat pump/stores is relatively low and limits the application range to systems with low temperature differences between cold/heat distribution system and the desired temperature of the conditioned space [8].

• LiCl, the salt used in all stores so far, is not suitable for seasonal storage due to its high cost (~3600 €/m3) [4]. However, the storage density would be approximately 2.7 times that of water for seasonal storage of 1000 kWh.

• A TRNSYS model of process and the controller for commercial machine have been developed

[9] and are available from the authors.

• The problems with unwanted crystallisation and non-condensable gases in the storage have been solved and the store has been redesigned for rational production resulting in a reliable process. The technology has been commercialised under the product name ClimateWell 10. The heat pump/store is sold mainly for solar heating and cooling applications in Mediterranean countries.