If the results of the intensity measurements with errors are used in subsequent calculations, including even the correction with the background, the spread-error rules must be used. In the case of addition (A + B) or subtraction (A — B) of two quantities, the standard deviation is:

sd « JsdA + sdB (14.18)

For other addition and subtraction, additional members have to be included in Eq. (14.18).For multiplication: C = A X B:

Further Reading

Choppin, G. R. and Rydberg, J. (1980). Nuclear Chemistry, Theory and Applications. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Friedlander, G., Kennedy, J. W., Macias, E. S. and Miller, J. M. (1981). Nuclear and Radiochemistry. Wiley, New York.

Hendee, W. R. (1973). Radioactive Isotopes in Biological Research. Wiley, New York.

Lieser, K. H. (1997). Nuclear and Radiochemistry. Wiley-VCH, Berlin.

Mann, W. B., Ayres, R. L. and Garfinkel, S. B. (1980). Radioactivity and its Measurement. 2nd edition. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

McKay, H. A.C. (1971). Principles of Radiochemistry. Butterworths, London.

Millner, T., Bartha and Prohaszka, J. (1963). Untersuchunger Uber die Wanderung kleiner Silbermengen in reinem Zinn bei Verwendung von radioaktiven Silber. Z. Metallkunde 54:17—19.

21Mg ——! 21Na ———! 20Ne (4.113)

7Li(p, n)7Be

[1] In 1867, Niepce de Saint-Victor showed that uranium salts emit radiations in the dark, but Becquerel rejected this saying that “Niepce could not have observed the radiation from uranium because the author used plates that were not sensitive enough.”

Radioactive purity is shown for the alpha particles and the gamma radiation with ^ 60 keV energy.