22.08.2015   Nuclear and Radiochemistry

Particle-Induced Gamma Emission

Nuclear reactions with charged particles are induced by irradiation, e. g., by protons with high energy (in the range of MeV; see Sections 6.2.3 and 6.2.3.1). The (p, Y) reactions are relatively simple because the emitted particle is neutral. The prompt

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Energy (keV)

Figure 10.28 A PIGE spectrum of glass. (Thanks to Dr. ZsOfia Kertesz, Laboratory of Ion Beam Applications, Institute of Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary, for the spectrum.)

gamma photons are detected. Since the Coulomb repulsion is smaller for light ele­ments, the proton-induced gamma emission is especially suitable for the analysis of light elements (e. g., Li, Be, B, F, Na, and Al). The analysis of light elements is the main advantage of PIGE. A PIGE spectrum of glass is shown in Figure 10.28.

Further Reading

De Soete, D., Gijbels, R. and Hoste, J. (1972). Neutron Activation Analysis. Wiley, New York, NY.

European Spallation Centre, 2011. EES Fields of Research. <http://ess-scandinavia. eu/ess- fields-of-research> (accessed 28.03.12.)

Glascock, M. D., 1996—2011. Overview of Neutron Activation Analysis. <http://archaeometry.

missouri. edu/naa_overview. html> (assessed 26.12.11.)

Kertesz, Zs., Szikszai, Z., Szoboszlai, Z., Simon, A., Huszrink, R. and Uzonyi, I. (2009). Study of individual atmospheric aerosol particles at the Debrecen ion microprobe. Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 267:2236—2240.

Molnar, G. L. (ed.) (2004). Handbook of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis with Neutron Beams. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston, MA/London.

Molnar, Zs., 2003—2009. Neutron Activation Analysis. <http://www. reak. bme. hu/Wigner_ Course/WignerManuals/Budapest/NEUTRON_ACTIVATION_ANALYSIS. htm> (accessed 15.11.11.)

Nagy, N. M. and Konya, J. (2009). Interfacial Chemistry of Rocks and Soils. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

Nagy, N. M., Konya, J., Beszeda, M., Beszeda, I., Kalman, E., Keresztes, Zs., et al. (2003). Physical and chemical formations of lead contaminants in clay and sediment. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 263:13—22.

Revay, Zs. (2009). Determining elemental composition using prompt gamma activation anal­ysis. Anal. Chem. 81:6851.

Simon, A., Matiskainen, H., Uzonyi, I., Csedreki, L., Szikszai, Z., Kertesz, Zs., et al. (2011). PIXE analysis of Middle European 18th and 19th century glass seals. X-Ray Spectrom. 40:224-228.

Szentmiklosi, L., Kis, Z., Belgya, T., Kasztovszky, Zs., Kudejova, P., Materna, T., et al., and the Ancient Charm Collaboration. (2008). A new PGAI-NT setup and elemental imaging experiments at the Budapest Research Reactor, NRC7—Seventh International Conference on Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Budapest, Hungary, 24-29 August 2008.

Tolgyesi, J. (1962). Jadrove ziarenie v chemickej analyse (Nuclear Radiation in Chemical Analysis). SVTL, Bratislava.

Vass, Sz., Gilanyi, T. and Borbely, S. (2000). SANS study of the structure of sodium alkyl sulfate micellar solutions in terms of the one-component macrofluid model. J. Phys. Chem. B 104:2073-2081.

Vass, Sz., Grimm, H., Banyai, I., Meier, G. and Gikrnyi, T. (2005). Slow water diffusion in micellar solutions. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 109:11870-11874.

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