A.16. Sampling from the drain sumps should be possible from outside the containment building so that leak sources can be identified by measurements of activity and of the concentrations of boron, lithium, potassium or other chemical elements or compounds.

A.17. Provision should be made for sampling and analysis of the drain waters outside the containment building.

Visible abnormalities

A.18. Video cameras, to facilitate visual inspection, should be installed at locations where leaks or other malfunctions can be expected and/or where personnel access is difficult. Mobile cameras should be available for use if and when the demand for them arises.

Noise and vibration

A.19. Acoustic analyses of noise should be performed to detect loose parts or abnormal behaviour of operating equipment.

A.20. The use of audio signals from the containment building for the detection of abnormalities should be considered. In addition, the use of spectral and Fourier transform analyses for acoustic noise signals may be considered.

A.21. Sensors to detect heat, smoke and/or flames should be installed in each compartment where there may be a risk of fire.