Fatigue monitoring systems

During the early operation of NPPs in the 1970ies and 1980ies local loads occurred at different locations causing fatigue cracks. These were either due to new loading conditions which were not considered in the design phase (e. g. temperature stratification) or insufficient manufacturing quality (e. g. welded joints). These problems constituted the starting signal for the development of fatigue monitoring systems. Thus, FAMOS was for instance developed by then Siemens KWU at the end of the 1980ies and installed in German NPPs. At that time, this was a very progressive data logging system. Henceforth, it was possible to measure the local loading effects. The fatigue relevance of those effects was analyzed by simple assessment methods. These experiences gave rise to a better understanding of the ongoing loading phenomena. The fatigue assessment induced the necessity of retrofitting of components or the modification of the operating mode. For instance, the feedwater sparger of the steam generator was subsequently designed in a way that the stresses of cyclically occurring stratification transients were minimized. Nevertheless, the technology of the data logging system at that time still had certain limits with respect of the frequency of data logging and the recording and storage. A data logging frequency of 10s (0.1Hz) constituted the upper limit (nowadays, 1s respectively 1Hz is usual). Furthermore, the capacitive effect of the applied measurement sections was underestimated in their transient behavior. Nowadays, this effect is appropriately considered by correction factors specific to the respective measurement section.