A number of process heat applications have been considered for hybrid systems integration. Many of these applications have been analyzed under the NGNP and Advanced Reactor Concepts programs [3,4,19-27] for co-generation applications with the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor concept. These applications include:

• hydrogen production —

о high-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) о steam methane reforming;

• coal to gasoline production via methanol production;

• natural gas to gasoline production via methanol production;

• coal to diesel production via Fischer Tropsch synthesis;

• natural gas to diesel production via Fischer Tropsch synthesis;

• ammonia production —

о hydrogen and nitrogen from steam methane reforming о hydrogen and nitrogen from HTSE

о hydrogen from HTSE and nitrogen from air separation unit;

• steam-assisted gravity drainage applied to oil sands;

• oil shale processing (ex situ or in situ);

• olefins via methanol production;

• seawater desalination — о reverse osmosis,

о multi-stage flash distillation, о multi-effect distillation.

Small nuclear reactors are already used for district heating applications in some remote locations. Other possible applications that could be coupled in a hybrid configuration could include metal refining and hydrogen production via thermal chemical water splitting.