The implementation of advanced HSIs, as part of the complex socio-technical system of the NPP, requires an integrated approach based on the requirements of

Table 7.2 HSI Taxonomy (Part 2: Physical HSI architecture) 2. Physical HSI architecture 2.1 Physical work areas & control centres 2.1.1 Main control room Main HSI Operator consoles & workstations Group-view displays Non-safety displays & controls Safety-related displays & controls Accommodation (hardware, furniture, furnishings, fittings) Workstations, consoles, computer hardware Documentation storage Planning & briefing area Managerial area Personal storage Tag & lockout control facility Refreshment facilities Protection equipment Environmental control (HVAC, lighting, acoustic, fire protection, seismic protection) 2.1.2 Remote shutdown facility Environmental control Safety provisions Hardware Layout Workstations 2.1.3 Local control stations Operator interfaces Communication Safety provisions Outage control centre Engineering room Materials and waste fuel handling Technical support centre Fuel processing plants Emergency operations facility 2.2 Input devices Keyboard Mouse Touch screens Gesture input controller Speech input Trackball

Table 7.2 Continued

Speech recognition Manual scram button Diverse actuation controls

2.3 Output devices

2.3.1 Audio annunciators

Coded

Uncoded

2.3.2 Visual display units

Annunciators Overview displays Process displays Safety-related displays

Flat panel operator displays

Alarm annunciators:

SDCV (spatially dedicated constantly visible) displays

‘Status-at-a-glance’ overviews

Process flow displays

Mode/state displays

Sub-process display

Soft controls

Low-level system status displays

Trend displays

Faceplates

Diagnostic displays

Safety status displays

Event log displays

Dedicated safety-related displays

Post-event display panel

Printers

2.3.3 Hybrid input/output devices

Communication equipment

Intercom

Touchscreens

Intranet

Radio

Telephone

Portable/wearable devices

Tablets

Smartphones

PDAs

Barcode scanners RFID tags

Table 7.2 Continued Augmented reality devices Haptic devices (e. g. vibratory alerts) Head-mounted display Head-mounted communicators Head-mounted cameras

both human and system components. One of the most reliable and effective ways to accomplish either a progressive HSI upgrade or a completely new design, is the integration of HFE with the systems engineering process (SEP) (Hugo, 2012). Systems engineering (SE) is the discipline needed to deliver coherent, cost-effective systems, of whatever nature, but HFE adds an important dimension by helping to integrate the whole system, that is, human plus equipment. The integration of human factors into the SEP considers the role of humans in the selection of HSI technology, and ultimately in the operation and maintenance of the plant at every stage of the system life cycle.

This systematic approach will ensure first of all that the human performance information necessary for engineering design, technology selection and development processes is acquired or developed even before the project starts. Secondly, it will ensure human factors evaluation of systems and operations throughout the project life cycle to identify problems and help engineers to define cost-effective solutions to achieve human and system performance enhancements. A lot of project case studies have proven that it is cheaper and more cost-effective to integrate human requirements early in the project rather than later (Hugo, 2012).