Operation of an NPP generates large quantities of radioactive material from the fission of nuclear fuel, and by neutron activation of reactor system fluids (during their passage through the reactor core) and of the structural materials in and around the reactor core. The radioactivity so generated must be confined or disposed of such that it does not cause undue radiation hazard to plant personnel, the public or to the environment. This objective is achieved by ensuring that the design, construction and operation of the NPP is performed using established industry and safety standards, and that the NPP is managed and operated by well-trained and qualified personnel following laid-down safety guidelines and procedures. As the operation of NPPs can pose radiation threats, the public and the environment have to be protected against these threats. Governments ensure this protection by only allowing the operation of NPPs under formal licenses.

For the purpose of licensing, the RB conducts a thorough review of all the phases in the life of the nuclear power plant. This may start with a formal appraisal of the technology to be deployed, continuing with an assessment of the site characteristics and the design and engineered safety features of the selected NPP, as well as specification of the safe operating envelope and other licensing conditions for operation of the NPP. The RB also maintains a careful oversight during the entire operational phase of the NPP by reviewing periodic reports, by making regulatory inspections and by other means to ensure that the licensing conditions are being complied with on a continuing basis. At the end of the plant’s operating life, the licensee ensures that the NPP is maintained in a safe state until its complete dis­mantling and decommissioning is taken up in accordance with the stipula­tions made by the RB. Finally, the RB reviews the decommissioning plan for the NPP and authorizes it if the requisite safety criteria are met, includ­ing those for disposal of radioactive waste arising from decommissioning activities.

Licensing for NPP siting, construction and operation 659