Deterministic effects can be attributed to specific NPP exposures with a high degree of confidence under the following conditions:

• The dose incurred was higher than the relevant dose-threshold for the specific effect.

• In addition, an unequivocal pathological diagnosis is attainable ensuring that possible competing causes have been eliminated.

Only under both of these conditions may the occurrence of the effect be properly attested and attributed to the exposure. One exception to this general rule could be specific situations of radiation exposure to the lens of the eye that might be sufficient to induce opacities, a situation that may be familiar in interventional radiology but should not occur at NPPs.