the development of other biofuel feedstock such as corn, sago palm, sugar palm and sweet sorghum for bioethanol and coconut for biodiesel, depends on region’s bioenergy potential. The potential land for special biofuel zone has been determined by the Government and is shown in Fig. 7.6.3.

Indonesia biomass resources are mainly from forestry (as an important natural resource because its tropical rain forest), estate crops, agriculture crops and municipal (city) waste. From estate crops, one the most important biomass resources (as well as for an energy alternative) is Oil Palm plantation (Elaeis gueneensis). Indonesia is the second largest producing palm oil country in the world, after Malaysia, (with the total land area of plantation of about 6 million hectares and Crude Palm Oil (CPO) production of 15 million tons in 2006, see Fig. 7.6.4. Area and production Indonesia oil palm plantation) representing 18% of the world-wide production. The

expand rapidly using large mills which produce hundreds of tons of waste on a year round basis. Considerable opportunity exists in Indonesia and other countries to produce significant quantities of biofuel, (for 100,000 tons of CPO will produce 100,000 tons of biodiesel and 12,000 tons of glycerol), and steam & electricity from the residual
biomass while mitigating environmental impacts both locally and globally.

The palm oil residues generated from the palm oil production process are : fresh fruit bunches (FFB) or the oil palm fruit produce Crude palm oil (CPO) and Kernel palm oil (KPO) which can be utilized to produce biodiesel or to generate steam and power.

The climate of Indonesia is also well-known for very suitable of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Indonesia is the richest country for sugarcane genetics and is believed as the origin of the world sugarcane (Papua). At least 2 million hectares of land is suitable for cane field which scattered over Papua (majority), Kalimantan, Sumatera, Maluku and Java. By the appropriate planning, policy and development, it is very likely Indonesia in the future will become one of sugar exporter countries and also as a bioethanol producer (similar to Brazil).

Cassava (Manihot esculenta), known as one of bioethanol feedstock is cultivated intensively

nowadays by the farmers especially in Lampung, Java and NTT regions. The cultivated area is around 1.24 million hectares all over Indonesia and the production was 19.5 million tons in 2005. The conversion of cassava to bioethanol is 6.5:1 or 1 ton of cassava will produce 166.6 liter of bioethanol.

Jatropha curcas (English Physic nut — another biomass source for biofuel, unlike palm oil and cassava, the seed and hence the oil is non-edible, so there is no competition between food vs fuel.

During Japanese occupancy (1942-1945), planting of Jatropha is a compulsory for native people. That’s why Jatropha can still be found today in the eastern part of the islands, such as NTT and NTB provinces.

Various local names had been given to Jatropha Curcas, such as : nawaih nawas (Aceh) jarak kosta (Sunda), jarak gundul, jarak cina, jarak pagar (Java), paku kare (Timor), peleng kaliki (Bugis), etc.

Also, when the jatropha plantation is to be developed in the critical lands or barren lands has two important steps that have been achieved, i. e. afforestation or replanting and the conservation efforts which will result of the improvement of local/regional environment. And also the jatropha oil can be extracted and be used as fuel. Normally Jatropha seeds content average of 1,500 liter of oil/ha/year, with the productivity of 5 tons per ha of dry seeds and the oil yield of 30%.

The R&D of Agriculture Institute, Department of Agriculture has identified about 19.8 million ha of land (see map above, orange color) from various provinces in Indonesia are
suitable for Jatropha curcas plantation, in which 14.277 million ha of land is categorized as a very suitable and 5.534 million ha is suitable (green color). The suitable land is scattered within 31 provinces with the largest being in East Kalimantan, South East Sulawesi, East Java, South Kalimantan, Lampung, Papua and West Irian Jaya provinces. It is projected that jatropha cultivation areas in Indonesia will achieve to 3 million ha by 2015. It is expected that jatropha oil as fuel will play an important role in rural villages of Indonesia, so called “Energy Self Sufficient Villages”, and ultimately to achieve poverty & jobless alleviation goals.

Of course Indonesia as a tropical country has many other biomass resources which can be developed and utilized as energy resources such as coconut (Cocos nucifera), corn (Zea mays), sorgum (Sorgum bicolor L.), arenga pinnata, rubber (Hevea brasillensis), sunflower

(Helianathus annuus), nipha (Nypa fruticans.), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), sago (Metroxylon p.) and many others.

Further information

Andi Alam Syah. Biodiesel Jarak Pagar. PT AgroMedia Pustaka. Jakarta. 2006.

Bambang Prastowo. Sustainable Production of Biofuel Crops. Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research & Development. On Sustainable Aspect of Biofuel Production Workshop, Jakarta. June 21, 2007.

Joachim Heller. Physic nut. IPGRI. Germany. 1996.

Bambang Prastowo. Sustainable Production of Biofuel Crops. Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research & Development. On Sustainable Aspect of Biofuel Production Workshop, Jakarta. June 21, 2007.

Paulus Tjakrawan. Indonesia Biofuels Industry. Indonesia Biofuels Producer Association (APROBI). On Sustainable Aspect of Biofuel Production Workshop, Jakarta. June 21, 2007.

Rama Prihadana et al. Bioethanol Ubi Kayu ‘■ Bahan Bakar Masa Depan. PT AgroMedia Pustaka. Jakarta. 2007.

Rama Prihadana & Roy Hendroko. EnergiHijau. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. 2007.

Soni S. W. Energy Generation Opportunities from Palm Oil Mills in Indonesia. 4th Asia Biomass

Workshop. Kuala Lumpur, November, 2007.

Sudradjat H. R. MemproduksiBiodiesel Jarak Pagar. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. 2006.

Tim Nasional Pengembangan BBN. Bahan Bakar Nabati. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. 2007.

Wahono Sumaryono. Palm Complex Model •’ An integrated preliminary concept for sustainable

plantation and CPQ-basedindustries. 4th Asia Biomass Workshop. Kuala Lumpur, November, 2007.