1.3.1 First-Generation Biofuels

For long-term sustainable biodiesel deployment, a vertical integration of palm bio­diesel production is required where the palm biodiesel plants are to be built in close vicinity to palm oil mills and palm oil refinery. The ultimate goal is the extraction and production of value-added products from palm biodiesel, i. e. palm phytonutri­ents such as carotenes, vitamin E, squalene and sterols, via fractional distillation and integrated approach. These phytonutrients can serve niche market for pharma­ceutical application. There will also be continued efforts in addressing sustainable/ environmental issues of palm biodiesel production concerning GHG emissions and indirect land use change.