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14 декабря, 2021
The energy substitution efficiency (ESE) was calculated for a number of the options investigated in this study. The calculations show the effect of allocation methods as well as fuel blends and vehicle/fuel performance on the WtW net energy use and the energy substitution efficiency. The results are given in Table 6 and illustrated in Figure 6.
Allocation LUC |
Fuel |
WtT (MJp/MJth) |
TtW (MJth/km) |
WtW (MJp/km) |
Index (-) |
Energy substitution efficiency |
||
REF |
REF |
Gasoline |
1.362 |
X |
2.564 |
= 3.493 |
100.0 |
— |
A-1 |
LUC-1 |
E5-1 |
0.401 |
X |
1.413 |
= 0.567 |
16.2 |
69.6% |
A-2 |
LUC-1 |
E5-1 |
0.758 |
X |
1.413 |
= 1.071 |
30.7 |
57.6% |
A-3 |
LUC-1 |
E5-1 |
0.405 |
X |
1.413 |
= 0.573 |
16.4 |
69.5% |
A-4 |
LUC-1 |
E5-1 |
0.359 |
X |
1.413 |
= 0.493 |
14.1 |
71.4% |
S-1 |
LUC-1 |
E5-1 |
1.281 |
X |
1.413 |
= 1.810 |
51.8 |
40.0% |
S-2 |
LUC-1 |
E5-1 |
-0.220 |
X |
1.413 |
= -0.310 |
-8.9 |
90.5% |
S-3 |
LUC-1 |
E5-1 |
0.450 |
X |
1.413 |
= 0.636 |
18.2 |
68.0% |
S-4 |
LUC-1 |
E5-1 |
-1.051 |
X |
1.413 |
= -1.485 |
-42.5 |
118.4% |
A-1 |
LUC-1 |
E5-1 |
0.401 |
X |
1.413 |
= 0.567 |
16.2 |
69.6% |
A-1 |
LUC-1 |
E10-1 |
0.401 |
X |
1.174 |
= 0.471 |
13.5 |
86.5% |
A-1 |
LUC-1 |
E85-1 |
0.401 |
X |
2.485 |
= 0.997 |
28.5 |
33.8% |
A-1 |
LUC-1 |
E-2 |
0.401 |
X |
1.703 |
= 0.684 |
19.6 |
55.4% |
A-1 |
LUC-1 |
E-3 |
0.401 |
X |
2.564 |
= 1.029 |
29.5 |
32.3% |
TABLE 6 WtW Net NonRenewable Primary Energy Use and Energy Substitution Efficiency of Ethanol according to Selected Options |
Allocation |
LUC |
Fuel |
Energy Index |
||
— |
— |
Gasoline |
100.0 |
||
A-1 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol, |
as E5 |
E5-1 |
16.2 |
A-2 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol, |
as E5 |
E5-1 |
30.7 |
A-3 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol, |
as E5 |
E5-1 |
16.4 |
A-4 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol, |
as E5 |
E5-1 |
14.1 |
S-1 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol, |
as E5 |
E5-1 |
51.8 |
S-2 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol, |
as E5 |
E5-1 |
-8.9 |
S-3 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol, |
as E5 |
E5-1 |
18.2 |
S-4 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol, |
as E5 |
E5-1 |
-42.5 |
A-1 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol, |
as E5 |
E5-1 |
16.2 |
A-1 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol, |
as E10 |
E10-1 |
13.5 |
A-1 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol, |
as E85 |
E85-1 |
28.5 |
A-1 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol |
E-2 |
19.6 |
|
A-1 |
LUC-1 |
Bioethanol |
E-3 |
29.5 |
![]() |
FIGURE 6 WtW net non-renewable primary energy use of ethanol according to selected options.
The results indicate that the choice of the allocation method has a significant impact on the WtW net energy use, with values ranging from -1.485 MJp/km (S-4, i. e., substitution with both straw and DDGS as fuel) to 1.810 MJp/km (S-1, i. e., substitution with both straw and DDGS as animal feed), that is, from -143% to -48% with respect to gasoline, with E5-1 as the option regarding fuels blend and vehicle/fuel performance. The effect of the fuel blend and vehi — cle/fuel performance is also significant, with net energy uses ranging from 0.471 MJp/km (E10-1, i. e., ethanol used as E10 based on actual test data) to 1.029 MJp/km (E-3, i. e., energy basis), that is, from -86% to -70% with respect to gasoline, respectively.
Both these methodological choices also significantly affect the energy substitution efficiency (ESE). For a given fuel blend and vehicle/fuel performance, the higher the nonrenewable primary energy use, the lower the ESE. For a given allocation method and bioethanol production pathway, the ESE is best when bioethanol is used in the form of E10. This notion is particularly useful when considering a given volume of bioethanol (at the scale of a country or a region for example). The results show how much more efficient it is to use this volume of bioethanol as E10 than to use it as E85 or even E5, for a given service (i. e., a given overall distance traveled). The situation is obviously different when considering a vehicle owner traveling a given distance every year. The best choice (in terms of both energy and GHG balance) for a specific consumer is obviously to use E85 (with a maximum volume of gasoline displaced), as long as the net energy use or net GHG emissions of the biofuel are better than those of gasoline.