In the previous section, the possibility to replace existing bulk chemicals from fossil refin­ery with the same bulk chemicals from oil refinery has been investigated. Unlike few cases, possible market penetration of biochemicals in the near term is limited and major technologi­cal barriers exist, especially in the production of aromatics. Rather than a head-to-head sub­stitution of petrochemicals with biochemicals, biomass resources can be used to produce platform chemicals which better reflect the initial biomass composition and are easier to be achieved. At the same time, the products must ensure to meet the same functional properties expected by the consumers. The head-to-head substitution of petrochemicals with biochemicals is consistently disadvantaged by the presence of large quantity of oxygen in the biomass feedstock. Future product trees should accommodate the native oxygen content of biomass to reduce the need for deoxygenation. These considerations imply the need for a radical shift from petroleum-based to biomass-based chemical engineering aiming at new value chains with a new range of oxygenated products, novel production routes, and integrated biorefineries built from intensified unit operations which operate at moderate conditions (Marquardt et al., 2010).