Gasification produces syngas, a mixture of H2, CO, CH4, and other light gases. Technology to produce methanol or dimethyl ether (DME) from syngas is well established (Li and Jiang, 1999; Peng, 2002; Sai Prasad et al., 2008). These products can be used directly or may be further converted to green gasoline via the methanol to gasoline process or to olefins via the methanol to olefins process (Cui et al., 2006; Lee, 1995). Because of the high degree of technology devel­opment in methanol and DME catalysts and processes, this conversion pathway is extremely promising. The main drawback for this technology is the purification of biomass-derived syngas, which is capital intensive, and demonstration that gasification can proceed smoothly with biorefinery lignin. Another promising use of syngas is the production of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels (Wang et al., 2009). FT processes are well established but their application to biomass is still at a precommercial stage, due to the expensive purification of syngas streams and the need for catalyst and process improvements able to reduce unwanted side-products such as methane and higher molecular weight products such as waxes. Syngas can also be converted to mixed alcohols (like ethanol and other alcohol chemicals), but this technology has not been commercialized yet. Major challenges concern the catalyst and process improvements needed to increase the selectivity and consumption rate of the catalysts (Holladay et al., 2007). Finally, although syngas production via gasification is a well-developed technology for coal (and natural gas), there is continuing controversy over gasification economics at the scale needed for the lignocellulosic biorefinery.