Management of the ecological impacts at the site level has the goal to ensure sustainable productivity over the long term. Site-level impacts such as nutrient depletion, soil loss or degradation, pest and disease outbreaks or uncontrolled fires are likely to impact negatively on the sustainable production capacity of the system. Careful monitoring of intensively managed systems is thus needed, along with strategies to mitigate against negative site impacts that may take place. It is in this regard that agro-forestry systems and mixed cropping systems with nitrogen fixing trees can contribute to mitigate against nutrient depletion. Silvicultural systems have to be so designed to offer a degree of buffer against biotic or abiotic risks. The discussion on mitigation strategies and ecological buffering is supported by information from case studies in plantation and agro-forestry systems.
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