MATURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

Chosen technologies for the harvesting, processing, and transformation steps are of different levels of maturity among the publications and even within each study. Some are well-known industrial technologies (such as cultivation in open ponds), but others are hazardous extrapolations from lab-scale pilot studies. Used data in the harvest and extraction steps are particularly variable. For instance, solar drying is used in a study (Kadam, 2002), whereas its feasibility at the industrial scale and the absence of alteration of the lipid content of the algae have not been demonstrated (Lardon et al., 2009). Dry-matter content before lipid extraction is also very variable; some authors consider that a percentage of 15-20% is enough (Lardon et al., 2009; Clarens et al., 2011). This is a wet-extraction technology, and the app­lications at the industrial scale are barely known. To limit the effect of potential unrealistic processes, we recommend studying at least two scenarios, one including mature technologies and another one with emerging processes.