Results and Discussions

This section is divided into two parts. The first provides a brief description of the social arrangements of palm oil. Additional details of these arrangements can be found in the works of Cesar (2012) and Cesar and Batalha (2013). Sustainability and social development are also referenced, though more briefly, by Fischer et al. (2006). The second section addresses aspects of NIE, which are classified accord­ing to the social arrangements in focus.