11.08.2015   BIOFUELS FROM ALGAE

Peptides

Bioactive peptides usually contain 3-20 amino acid residues, and their activities stem from both their amino acid composition and sequence (Pihlanto-Leppala, 2000). Usually such short chains of amino acids are inactive within the sequence of the parent protein, but they become active upon release during gastrointestinal digestion or during food processing, including

TABLE 10.3 Bioactivities of Proteinaceous Compounds Extracted from Spent Algal Biomass.

Proteonaceous Compound

Bioactivity

Reference

Total protein

Mitogenic of lymphocytes Erythrocyte agglutination

(Bird, Chiles et al., 1993) (Holdt and Kraan, 2011)

Protein

Lectin

Antibiotic

Antibacterial against Vibrio vulnificus Anti-inflammatory Antinociceptive Mitogenic of lymphocytes

Apoptosis, metastasis and differentiation promoter

Binder of carbohydrates, including viruses, bacteria,

fungi and parasites

Antiviral against HIV

Anti-adhesive

Cytotoxic

Platelet aggregation inhibitory

(Liao, Lin et al., 2003) (Smit, 2004)

(Bird, Chiles et al., 1993) (Sugawara, Baskaran et al., 2002)

(Cardozo, Guaratini et al., 2007)

(Mori, O’Keefe et al., 2005)

(Holdt and Kraan, 2011) (Liao, Lin et al., 2003)

Agglutinin

glycoprotein

Mitogenic of lymphocytes

Cytotoxic against several cancer cell lines

Antitumoral

(Holdt and Kraan, 2011) (Sugahara, Ohama et al., 2001)

Mycin-binding

agglutinin

Anti-inflammatory

(Bitencourt, Figueiredo et al., 2008)

Peptides

Depsipeptide (kalahide F)

Antitumoral Antiviral against AIDS

(Smit, 2004)

Hexapeptide (SECMA 1)

Mitogenic

(Ennamany, Saboureau et al., 1998)

Cyclic

pentapeptide

(galaxamide)

Antiproliferative against human renal cell carcinoma GRC-1 and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2

(Xu, Liao et al., 2008) (Sato, Hosokawa et al., 2002)

Dipeptide

Blood pressure reducer

Inhibitory of angiotensin-converting enzyme

(Sato, Hosokawa et al., 2002)

(Suetsuna, Maekawa et al., 2004)

Continued

Proteonaceous Compound

Bioactivity

Reference

Peptide

Inhibitory of angiotensin-converting enzyme

Hypocholesterolemic

Enhancer of hepatic function

Reducer of plasma glucose

Antioxidant

(Holdt and Kraan, 2011) (Smit, 2004)

Oligopeptides

Analog of the neurotransmitter g-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

(Aneiros and Garateix, 2004)

Amino

acids

Taurine

Antihypertensive

Hypocholesterolemic

Antidiabetic

Preventive of vascular diseases and hepatitis Antioxidant

(Militante and Lombardini, 2002) (Zhang, Li et al., 2003) (Houston, 2005) (Mochizuki, Takido et al., 1999)

Laminine

Hypertensive

Depressor of smooth muscle contraction

(Holdt and Kraan, 2011)

fermentation. Examples of bioactive peptides obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of algal proteins (Kim and Wijesekara, 2010) are shown in Table 10.3 together with their characteristic physiological roles.