In Sweden research on short rotations using Salix began in the end of 1900. Today 10,000­15,000 hectares of short rotation Salix stands have been established and are actively managed using advanced technology. The management is based on small-scale plots, where the farmer owns the stand and manages it. Harvesting is undertaken using machinery owned by entrepreneurs and the harvested material is sold to be used for district heating. Common rotation periods are 4-5 years with 5-6 repeated rotations; a plantation lasts a total of 20-30 years before a new one must be established. The plantations must be fertilized and in some cases treated with herbicides. Pathogens (fungi and insects) damaging the leaves and shoots will cause a reduction in growth. As the seedlings represent attractive wildlife habitat, the plantations must be fenced.