The carbon dioxide emissions balance

Biomasses are considered neutral energy sources in terms of greenhouse effects because their combustion does not result in an increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. In fact, given that the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted in the combustion phase is equivalent to that absorbed by the vegetables during their growth, the CO2 cycle is closed. But taking into account the entire life cycle of the combustibles that form the biomass does not result in a nil bal­ance of CO2. In fact, the production, working and transport steps often result in negative impacts on the environment that are determined by energy and mate­rial consumptions which are necessary to sustain the processes. Table 1 lists the carbon dioxide balance for the fuels obtained from the main biomass production spinnerets. The avoided emissions were estimated as a function of the substi­tuted fossil fuel (coal, diesel, methane) by taking into account the respective calorific powers [2, 3].

Table 1: Avoided and produced carbon dioxide emissions for the main biomass fuel spinnerets [2].

Avoided

emissions

Produced

emissions

Medium

balance

Wooden biomass

kg CO2/m3

kg CO2/m3

kg CO2/m3

Nippers

450-750

40-55

400-700

Chips

200-350

25-35

170-320

Briquettes and pellet

650-1,100

90-95

560-1,000

Agricultural residuals

kg CO2/ha

kg CO2/ha

kg CO2/ha

Winter-autumn cereal straw

300-1,100

20-75

350-1,050

Stocks, corn cobs, maize sculls

800-1,600

50-110

720-1,520

Rice straw

300-850

25-65

250-800

Culture and fruit arboreal

1,200-6,000

15-60

1,250-5,950

by-products

Lignocellulosic from

kg CO2/ha

kg CO2 /ha

kg CO2 /ha

dedicated cultures

Fibre sorghum

22,000-50,000

700-1800

20,000-48000

Kenaf

10,000-35,000

700-1600

9000-34,000

Miscanthus

17,000-58,000

500-1500

16,000-57,000

Common cane

16,000-66,000

500-1500

15,000-65,000

Millet

11,000-50,000

500-1500

10,000-49,000

Poplar

11,000-28,000

500-1500

10,000-27,000

Bio-fuel

kg CO2/kg

kg CO2 /kg

kg CO2/kg

bio-fuel

bio-fuel

bio-fuel

Bioethanol from amylaceous

2

0.5-1.1

0.9-1.5

Bioethanol from

2

0.4-1.1

0.9-1.6

sacchariferous (beet)

Sunflower bio-diesel

2.7

1.2-1.5

1.2-1.5

Rape bio-diesel

2.7

0.8-2.4

0.3-0.9

1.2 Comparison between the polluting emissions of the main vegetable and fossil origin fuels