Crude products of biomass conversion technology include both principal products and by-products. Principal products of biomass processing include crude bio-oil from fast pyrolysis, biochar from slow pyrolysis, biomass syn­gas from gasification, biodiesel from transesterification, crude ethanol beer from corn ethanol, straight vegetable oils from oil crops, biogas from anaer­obic digestion, bioenergy and biofuels from waste and refuse, and more. These principal products can be used for direct end uses after purification, as raw feedstock for further upgrading and transformation into alternative fuels that supplant other conventional fuels and chemicals, or as captive energy sources for the fuel conversion and power generation technology and its ancillary processing. By-products include biochar from fast pyrolysis, bio­oil from gasification, dry distillers’ grains and corn syrups from the corn ethanol industry, crude glycerin from the transesterification process, and more. Profitable by-product portfolios for specific biomass technologies not only enhance the profitability of the biofuels industry, but also contribute to the sustainability of the technological society via promoted utilization of renewable materials.