Emulsions are blends of different fluids, which by nature are difficult to mix. Oils and fats do not dissolve into water. Good example of fluids that are difficult to mix are oil and vinegar (“vinaigrette”). The molecule structure is not stable and energy input is needed through shaking, stirring, or even ultrasound to form an emul­sion. Over time, emulsions tend to revert and decompose. The vinaigrette decomposes if you do not stir it continuously. It is in fact an unstable emulsion that will quickly separate unless you shake it continuously. Emulsifiers are par­ticles that help to stabilize the structures of an emulsion. Many emulsifiers are used in the pharmacy industry to form lotions and creams. Nanoemulsions are defined as oil-in-water emulsions and under the microscope the particles are not larger than 0.00005-0.0001 mm.

Nanoscale liquids are mixed into other immiscible liquids. Microfluidic and ultrasonic approaches are used to produce new structured liquids. Nanoemulsions can keep their structure over many months or years due to the presence of sta­bilizing emulsifiers and surfactants.

In Taiwan, biokerosene is made through nanoemulsion and polarization of crude Jatropha oil, whereby the oil molecules are arranged in a new setting.

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Benefits

The following characteristics apply to both Jatropha biodiesel and jet fuel. Jatropha biofuel provides widespread environmental benefits, yielding 20 times the energy required to produce it. Most other feedstocks (e. g., corn) require nearly as much energy to create as they produce. Like other biofuels, Jatropha has excellent combustion properties while significantly reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases. Jatropha diesel fuel produces half the unburned hydrocarbon emissions and one-third of the particulate matter emissions produced by diesel fuel derived from crude petroleum, according to a 2004 Daimler study. Crushed and processed Jatropha seed oil can be used to create B100 biodiesel, which will

operate in a standard diesel engine, and the remaining biomass can be used to power electricity plants.

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