Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel is generally composed of several fatty acid esters including C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20 and C22:1. After oil extraction and purification, the exploitable fatty acid chains from the lipid undergo transesterification to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The transesterification reaction involves the use of an acidic or alkali catalyst mixed with methanol [36]. The methanol group attaches itself to the fatty acid chains via the bond cleaving activity of the catalyst to produce FAME and glycerol. The methyl ester (biodiesel) produced from this reaction after glycerol separation is crude, hence must be washed, dried and decon­taminated so that all water and particulates within the biodiesel are removed. The purified biodiesel must comply with the regulatory standards set by the Fuel Quality Standards Act 2000.

Fig. 8 Transesterification model modified from Sakai et al. [29]