08.08.2015   Handbook of biofuels production

Sources of the enzyme: lipase

Lipases are classified according to the sources from which they are obtained, such as microorganism, animal and plant. Lipase can easily be produced in high yields, by fermentation processes and few basic purification steps, from microorganisms such as fungi (e. g., Candida antarctica) or bacteria (e. g., Pseudomonas fluorescens). Lipases from animal or plant sources are rarely used in industry, and hence, the focus of this section will be on lipases from microbial sources, which have real industrial potential. Some lipases show position specificity towards the substrate, whereas others do not. Pure lipases extracted from different sources have been successfully used in the production of biodiesel; however, Candida antarctica B lipase, immobilized on acrylic resin, commercially known as Novozym 435, has been by far the most commonly used enzyme for the production of biodiesel. A comparative study on the type of free lipases from different sources revealed that

P. fluorescens lipase has the highest enzymatic activity (Iso et al., 2001; Kaieda et al., 2001). Generally, lipases from fungal sources show better transesterification activity of triglycerides compared to those from bacterial sources (Al-Zuhair et al., 2008). Table 6.1 shows examples of lipases from different sources previously used in biodiesel production.

Table 6.1 Microbial lipases used for the production of biodiesel

Lipase

Oil

Acyl acceptor

Optimum

temperature

Reference

Novozym 435

Soybean oil

Methanol

Kaeida et al. (2001)

Novozym 435

Soybean oil

Methyl acetate

Wei et al. (2004)

Novozym 435

Canola oil

Methanol

8°C

Chang et al. (2005)

Novozym 435

Rice bran oil

Methanol

Lai et al. (2005)

Novozym 435

Olive oil

Methanol

0°C

Sanchez and Vasudevan (2006)

Novozym 435

Vegetable oil

Methanol

Shimada et al. (2002)

Novozym 435

Waste ABE

Methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, iso-butanol, iso-amylalcohol, and n-octanol

Lara and Park (2004)

R. delemar

Vegetable oil

Methanol

Shimada et al. (2002)

R. miehei

Vegetable oil

Methanol

Shimada et al. (2002)

R. miehei

Palm oil

Methanol

Al-Zuhair et al. (2007)

C. rugosa

Waste ABE

Methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, iso-butanol, iso-amylalcohol, and n-octanol

Lara and Park (2004)

C. rugosa

Jatropha oil

Ethanol

Shah and Gupta (2006)

C. antarctica

Waste oil

Methanol

Al-Zuhair et al. (2008)

C. lipolytica

Soybean oil

Methanol

Kaieda et al. (2001)

C. lipolytica

Soybean oil

Methanol

Kaieda et al. (2001)

K. oxytoca

Soybean oil

Methanol

Kaieda et al. (2001)

P. camembertii

Soybean oil

Methanol

Kaieda et al. (2001)

P. fluorescens

Soybean oil

Methanol

Kaieda et al. (2001)

P. fluorescens

Triolein

1-Propanol

0°C

Iso et al. (2001)

P. fluorescens

Jatropha oil

Ethanol

Shah and Gupta (2006)

P. cepacia

Soybean oil

Methanol

0°C

Kaieda et al. (2001)

P. cepacia

Jatropha oil

Ethanol

Shah and Gupta (2006)

P. cepacia

Waste oil

Methanol

Al-Zuhair et al. (2008)