Btu British thermal unit. Heat energy necessary to raise the temper­ature of 1 lb of water 1°F.

cal or gcal Calorie or gram calorie. Heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water 1°C (from 15 to 16°C).

electron volt 1.6 X 10 12 erg = 1.6 X 10 19 J = 23.06 kcal/mol. Energy gained by an electron passing through a potential of 1 V.

foot • pound ft • lb. Work energy needed to raise 1 lb to a height of 1 ft = 0.138 kg • m.

force Correct force definition can be obtained from the second law of Newton stating that the inertia is disturbed by unbalanced force, which causes acceleration on a body directly proportional to the force (F) and inversely proportional to the mass of the body F = K mf (F = Kmf where m is mass and f is acceleration). If all are reduced to unity, the unit of force becomes pound foot per second per second (poundal) or gram cen­timeter per second per second (dyne).

joule Work energy to raise 1 kg to a height of 10 cm = 0.1 kg • m = 0.74 ft • lb.

joule (electrical) 0.239 cal. Energy developed when 1 C of electrons (10.364 X 10~6 mole) passes through a potential of 1 V.

kcal/einstein Energy of a mole of a photon (einstein) of wavelength (in ^) 28589.7 ^ 1 kcal/mol.

power Rate of doing work, P = W/t.

J/s = W or ft • lb/s

or horsepower = 550 ft • lb/s or 33,000 ft • lb/min.

107 ergs/s = 1 J/s = 0.239 cal/s 550 ft • lb/s = 33,000 ft • lb/min 746 W = 178 cal/s 1000 W = 1.34 hp

3.6 X 106 J = 860 kcal/h = 3413 Btu/h 1.356 W = 0.324 cal

quantum Wavelength ^eV = 1239.8 ^—

work, W Force X distance (both in the same direction on a body).

621D ^ 242He + 211H + 2n + 43.1 Mev

Several designs and modifications are suggested:

2P ^ e+ + y + D D + P ^ T + y 2T ^ He + 2P The fusion reaction, omnipresent in the sun, needs to be tried out: 2H1 ^ e+ + v + H2

where two protons fuse, and deuterium, positron, and neutrino are evolved; energy is evolved in two steps; four protons are annihi­lated for each helium formed. Much of the reaction mechanism is yet unknown, but the model shows great promise.

[2] Geothermal source: Other than volcanic or geyser origin at an 8000-ft depth of the earth’s crust, it is possible to obtain geother­mal steam at 2000oC, which can be used for producing electricity.

Hot dry rock (HDR) remains out of reach at present capability of drilling. But “heat mining,” as estimated by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, promises 1.2 cents/MJ compared to 2 cents/MJ from an oil-fired thermal plant ($34/bbl).

[3] Aerodynamic generations: Several models are available. Low — velocity windmills are also being used. Wind is stronger at upper atmosphere; array of floating windmills are also designed.

[4] Hydrodynamics: High hopes are created by some hydroelectric firms, who proclaim that power can be effectively generated by ocean waves and ocean currents.

[5] Magnetohydrodynamic generators: High-temperature com­bustion gas expands through a nozzle where ionized sodium is intro­duced and directed to a magnetic field and a moving conductor cuts the field, and an electromagnetic field (EMF) is produced.

[6] Oil shale and oil sand: Though of limited supply, these have not been fully explored.

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